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	<title>Protec Blog</title>
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	<description>Protec Advanced Training Facility</description>
	<pubDate>Sat, 06 Mar 2010 00:42:09 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>Taking the rEvo CCR Rebreather cross over course</title>
		<link>http://www.protecblog.com/582/taking-the-revo-ccr-rebreather-cross-over-course.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.protecblog.com/582/taking-the-revo-ccr-rebreather-cross-over-course.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Mar 2010 00:34:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Matt</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Kreislaufgeräte]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Rebreather]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Rebreather training]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[rEvo Rebreather]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[CCR]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ccr rebreather cave diving bailout opencircuit dive planning]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Kreislaufgerät]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Kreislauftauchen]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Training]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.protecblog.com/?p=582</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Taking the rEvo CCR Rebreather cross over course ]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">In mid January 2010 I took the rEvo CCR Rebreather cross over course from Mel Clark. The rEvo is a relatively new CCR on the market and is produced in Belgium. There are three versions of the unit as the standard, mini and micro in the physical size of the unit. The unit is designed as a back mounted counterlung Rebreather, meaning there are no counterlungs on the front of the body, keeping it nice and clear for photographers, people with little real estate, meaning space in front or people who do not like front mounted counterlungs at all.</span></p>
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<div id="attachment_585" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/7-copy1.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-585" title="Matt on rEvo looking at Blue Crab" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/7-copy1-300x255.jpg" alt="Matt on rEvo looking at Blue Crab" width="300" height="255" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Matt on rEvo looking at Blue Crab</p></div>
<p><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Etienne, a good friend of ours was so kind lending me his rEvo CCR in order to do the cross over course. The new rEvo owner has the option to have the unit configured as either a manual CCR, electronic CCR or a hybrid with the manual and electronic version combined. Etienne’s unit was configured as a manual CCR while Mel&#8217;s CCR was configured as a hybrid version, so I had the opportunity to look at them both in detail.</span></p>
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<div id="attachment_586" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 370px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/20-copy1.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-586 " title="Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/20-copy1.jpg" alt="Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati" width="360" height="239" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati</p></div>
<p><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">The rEvo is a very thin and streamlined Rebreather with the counterlungs protected within a metal box on the back, protecting them from damage if diving within wrecks or caves. Each rEvo has 4 oxygen sensors and two controllers or po2 display&#8217;s. Depending on owner preference and made to buyer specification they can be both rEvo oxygen po2 displays called Dream, or a Dream and the Canadian manufactured Shearwater electronics hand set display that are either just a po2 display of full blown decompression computer laced into the oxygen sensors keeping the decompression information up to speed and in real time. Again I was lucky that Etienne’s unit had one Dream and one Shearwater po2 display while Mel&#8217;s unit had two Dreams and a Shearwater decompression computer wired into the sensors to display the oxygen po2 while calculating the inert gas intake.</span></p>
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<div id="attachment_587" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 370px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/25mg-copy.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-587 " title="Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/25mg-copy.jpg" alt="Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati" width="360" height="239" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati</p></div>
<p><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">The reason there are 4 oxygen sensors as to the regular 3 sensors seen in most CCR Rebreathers is that one dream is always on only one sensor, not sharing any wires, battery, cables or whatnot, making that one display truly independent and redundant, and great for cross reference to the other display that still has the regular 3 sensors with voting logic. One particular feature on the rEvo is the two independent absorbent canisters configured in line, one after the other. This allows to change only one of the absorbent canisters when staying within two hours of bottom time. This feature is particular nice when doing Rebreather try outs when not the whole load of absorbent is used, and the unused absorbent does not have to be thrown away.</span></p>
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<div id="attachment_588" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 370px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/9-copy.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-588 " title="Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/9-copy.jpg" alt="Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati" width="360" height="541" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati</p></div>
<p><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">As Mel was dragging me through the pool of pain (Cenote Eden) I went through all the CCR related emergency drills, learning them from the rEvo unit point of view, with new buttons to use on different locations as the oxygen and diluent manual inflator buttons are located at the but of the unit. The work of breathing is quite nice for a back mounted counterlung Rebreather. Once done with the pain part we went the next day to Cenote Manati. Due to strong winds in the salty ocean stuff we could not dive the ocean but enjoyed some really nice diving, full of emergency drills and scenarios found in a regular CCR Rebreather course while floating through the mangroves of Cenote Manati. The cross over course is a couple of days shorter then the regular CCR course as I did not have to learn the basics of Rebreather diving part but just the unit specific drills, details, ins and outs including pre dive unit preparation, maintenance and post dive care.</span></p>
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<div id="attachment_589" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 370px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/23-copy.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-589 " title="Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/23-copy.jpg" alt="Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati" width="360" height="274" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati</p></div>
<p><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Once I had completed my training dives and bottom time Mel took her camera in the water and squeezed some nice images through her lens of Cenote Manati with me blocking the view. The reason I am still taking courses is that I do not want to lose the feeling to be a student. I still want to learn new stuff and still enjoy the learning experience. Additionally I can now teach CCR cave courses and CCR normoxic trimix courses with my students diving the rEvo as I have completed the diver training program allowing me to understand what my student is doing on his unit.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"> </span></p>
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<div id="attachment_590" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 370px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/26-copy.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-590 " title="Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/26-copy.jpg" alt="Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati" width="360" height="541" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Matt on rEvo Cenote Manati</p></div>
<p><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">It was great to meet Mel and hang out some days with her, and learn a bunch. It&#8217;s always good to see how other Rebreather divers dive in other regions or other environments such as the cold water environment. I truly enjoyed the experience. All images within this article are authored, copyrighted and published with permission from Mel Clark.</span></p>
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		<item>
		<title>&#8220;John&#8221; Wayne takes on sidemounting =)</title>
		<link>http://www.protecblog.com/577/john-wayne-takes-on-sidemounting.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.protecblog.com/577/john-wayne-takes-on-sidemounting.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Feb 2010 16:32:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Patrick</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Cave Course]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cenote Dream Gate]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cenote Muchachos]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cenote Mud]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cenote Regina]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Dos Pisos]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Equipment]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Sidemount]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Team Diving]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Training]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cave Diving South Of Tulum]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[course]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Guided Cave Diving]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.protecblog.com/?p=577</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Basic Sidemount course followed by 4 days of awesome cave diving south of Playa del Carmen...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I just finished up a great week with Wayne who came down for his third time in an effort to satisfy his cave diving addiction&#8230;</p>
<p>The entire week was dedicated to sidemount diving. The first three days we spent setting up <a href="http://northeastscubasupply.com/store/images/uploads/Sidemount/nomad-system.jpg">Wayne’s rig</a> ensuring that he felt comfortable and that it works for the environment he will dive.   He had done a bunch of research before the course which really gave us a great head start and brought us into the cave quickly.</p>
<p>We started the morning with theory and an equipment workshop.  After having lunch, we jumped in the water to see how everything looks.  A lot of great ideas on the surface turn out to be total failures below the surface, therefore I believe this is a critical part of any course and devote ample time focused on getting the student comfortable with his equipment.  I pay special attention to head to toe trim, lateral trim and proper weighting. My goal is to make the equipment an extension of the body, thereby removing a major distraction allowing for more awareness of the cave, the line and the team.</p>
<p>We spent quite some time fine tuning and adjusting.  After that we ran through various drills and exercises.  By the time we left the cenote we had a great foundation.</p>
<p>The dives lengthened over the next two days as we refreshed line laying skills, marking protocols, and touch and go exit drills in zero visibility. We dived a lot in low bedding plains which would have been difficult for backmount divers to pass, especially if performing touch contact exit.  The conditions were ideal for illustrating the advantages of sidemount.</p>
<p>After that we had four super great days of guided cave diving in Tulum. We started with Dream Gate just south of Chemuyil. Dream Gate is a really awesome cave with shallow depths which make for long dives through the intensely decorated passages. I was stoked to dive the downstream section to show Wayne all of the recently explored lines bearing line arrows marked with 09 for last year. I find it very exciting to dive in places that are still being explored or have been recently explored.  It gives me a feeling of being one of the first to see them.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, to my frustration, we discovered the explorer’s line arrows had been replaced by generic orange arrows with the name of a dive center which had nothing to do with the exploration of these lines.   I felt a range of emotions starting with anger and frustration, then sadness and finally pity for the person who feels the urge to go through the trouble of replacing all these arrows out of envy. Even here in paradise we have some sad stories.</p>
<p>Never the less the dive was awesome!  I was super excited to see the Mayan pottery for the first time.  It is just sitting there next to the line after the T in front of a debris cone which is under a tiny cenote. Our second dive was upstream checking out the many T intersections.</p>
<p>The next day we went to Dos Pisos south of Tulum. It is one of the most amazing caves I know. It has an average depth of less than 20ft, so we decided to do one loooong dive and really swim some distance and enjoy this marvelous cave. The bright white color and the density and variety of the decorations makes this a cave diver’s Mecca. I especially love the beginning as you pass a shallow bedding plain and then a small winding tunnel with crystal white calcite on the floor looking like powder snow. Then the cave opens up in ever larger rooms with breathtaking formations all around. Wayne clearly found his favorite spot and was still smiling hours after we had surfaced.</p>
<div id="attachment_578" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 287px"><img class="size-large wp-image-578 " title="270210-002" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/270210-002-768x1024.jpg" alt="270210-002" width="277" height="368" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Wayne on the back of the truck</p></div>
<p>Next we dove another cenote south of Tulum, Regina.  Regina couldn&#8217;t be any more different from Dos Pisos. It is darker and deeper.  With its ever changing shape and depth I can use only one word to describe it, intriguing.  Lots of tannin in the water makes for interesting colors and a generally spooky feeling.  With the numerous transitions from salt water to fresh water and back and an average depth of 50ft it is a great place to accumulate experience for a newly certified sidemount diver. It definitely takes more awareness of tank alignment and gas management.</p>
<p>On the last day we went to Cenote Muchachos and Cenote Mud. These dives were a great finish to the week. Wayne really enjoyed both cenotes and the adventure of getting into Cenote Mud.   Cenote Muchachos and Cenote Mud, although close in proximity have completely different personalities.  In Cenote Muchachos we went up the Black Forrest line and enjoyed the huge passages and incredible ceiling.</p>
<p>In Cenote Mud we swam a white passage with massive decoration that leads you to another cenote with bright green and cold tannic water. There we took the T down which leads you what looks like a dungeon, a really bizarre place where one can see the forces of water shaping our planet.</p>
<p>This was a really cool week with some of my favorite dives here in the Riviera Maya and all of that back to back. I really love it when I come home from diving already looking forward to the next day and the dives I am going to do&#8230;</p>
<p>Now I am on vacation and am going cave diving of course =)</p>
<p>Cheers<br />
P</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Hilfe, die Österreicher kommen&#8230;</title>
		<link>http://www.protecblog.com/567/hilfe-die-osterreicher-kommen.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.protecblog.com/567/hilfe-die-osterreicher-kommen.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 15 Feb 2010 05:03:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Patrick</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Backmount]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cave Course]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Team Diving]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Training]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Höhlentauchen]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Höhlentauchen in Mexiko]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Höhlentauchgang]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Höhlentauchkurs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Kurs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Österreich tauchen]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.protecblog.com/?p=567</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Team Tauchschule Traunsee in Mexiko beim Höhlentauchen...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Endlich war es soweit, meine erster Kurs mit Landsmaennern und Frauen und dann auch noch eine super Gruppe von der <a href="http://www.tauchschule-traunsee.at/">Tauchschule Traunsee</a>. Veronika, Andreas, Ursula und Markus kamen den langen Weg vom kalten Österreich hierher in die Riviera Maya um ihre bereits breite Erfahrung im Tauchen um eine Nische zu erweitern, Hoehlentauchen!!!</p>
<p>Von Anfang an war die positive Motivation und eine entspannte Atmosphäre zu spuehren, die natürlich den anstrengenden Kurs um einiges leichter machte. Die 4 wurden von Andy, einem Australier komplettiert. Da aber nur 3 Schueler pro Tauchlehrer erlaubt sind, teilten sich Nando und ich die Gruppe. Die Theorie erarbeiteten wir  immer gemeinsam und dann im Wasser trainierten Veronika, Ursula und Andy mit Nando; Markus und Andreas mit mir.</p>
<p>Die ersten Tage sind immer die längsten, bis man alles ins Rollen gebracht hat und so begannen wir täglich um 08:30 und unsere Tage endeten mit wenigen Ausnahmen gegen 18:00.Uhr..sorry =)</p>
<p>Tag eins begann mit Papierkram und sich ein bisschen kennen lernen, Hauptregeln und Ablauf des Kurses besprechen und eine kleine Vorschau auf das, was so auf einen zukommt&#8230;letzte Chance es sich noch einmal anders zu überlegen!</p>
<p>Nach ein wenig Theorie und einem ausführlichen Ausruestungs Workshop ging es ab zur ersten Cenote, Chikin Ha/Xtabay, wo wir uns um die Hauptfundamente kümmerten, und  zwar Tarierung, Trim und die verschiedenen Flossenschlagtechniken und all das in der neuen Konfiguration mit den Doppelflaschen.<br />
Das Hoehlentauchen ist nicht nur eine körperliche sondern vor allem eine mentale Herausforderung, weil man sich zu jedem Zeitpunkt auf sehr viele Dinge konzentrieren muss, dabei sollte man eine stabile Position unter Wasser haben, ohne sich dazu großartig zu bemühen oder sich bewegen zu müssen.</p>
<p>Am naechsten Tag ging es gleich in der Frueh auf zur Cenote Cristalino. Dort angekommen verbrachten wir erst mal ein paar Stunden zwischen den Baeumen, um Uebungen mit den Leinen zu machen, damit man lernt, die Hoehle in Nullsicht sicher gemeinsam mit seinem Team zu verlassen. Dies war der Beginn vieler Uebungen mit geschlossenen Augen und die Antwort auf die Frage: Wie kann ich mich mit meinen Partnern verstaendigen ohne sie zu hoehren oder zu sehen?<br />
Der gesamte Nachmittag wurde im Wasser verbracht, um das am Land Gelernte unter Wasser zu trainieren. Anfangs noch jeder fuer sich, dann  im Team. Jede Menge Situationen, wie sich im Seil verhaengen, keine Luft mehr haben, Tarierungsprobleme, Fuehrungsleine verlieren und noch viele andere mussten bewaeltigt werden. Und als ob das alles noch nicht genug gewesen wäre, hatten wir dann abends noch eine Lektion in der Theorie.</p>
<p><img class="size-medium wp-image-568 alignleft" title="austrians-during-cave-course-003" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/austrians-during-cave-course-003-225x300.jpg" alt="austrians-during-cave-course-003" width="225" height="300" /></p>
<p>Am naechsten Tag war es endlich soweit, die ersten Hoehlentauchgaenge standen am Plan. Der erste noch mit dem Instruktor als Fuehrer, der naechste schon alleine als Team, wobei der Tauchlehrer nur alles aus der Dunkelheit ueberwacht und die Uebungen koordiniert. Die Cenote Ponderosa bietet sich hierfuer perfekt an, da es mehrere Leinen zu betauchen gibt. So machten wir 3 Tauchgaenge und begannen bereits mit Nullsichtuebungen, die schon gut gemeistert wurden, dank des ganzen Trainings vom Vortag.<br />
Am spaeten Nachmittag als wir zurueck in Pro Tec waren, machten wir noch ein wenig Theorie und den Plan fuer den naechsten Tag.</p>
<p>Tag vier verbrachten wir in der Cenote Taj Maha mit Konzentration auf die Notfall Situationen mit mehrfachen ohne Luft Notfällen, Nullsicht Situationen und beides gemeinsam durch enge Passagen, die das Team zu mehrfachem Wechsel der Seite auf der Leine zwang. Es ging auch immer weiter in die Hoehle hinein.</p>
<p>Tag fuenf, brachte den Abschluss des Intro to cave Kurses mit den beiden Uebungen: Lost Line und Lost Diver. Zuerst verbrachten wir den Vormittag wieder damit, alles im Trockenen zu ueben um uns mental auf die Uebungen vorzubereiten und alles einmal vorher Schritt fuer Schritt duchzugehen.<br />
Im Wasser haben wir die Uebungen dann auch noch mit „null Sicht“ und „ohne Luft“- Situationen kombiniert um das Training zu intensivieren.<br />
Die Cenote Chac Mool bietet sich hierfür sehr gut an, da der Tunnel sehr dunkel ist und die Halocline das ganze noch um einiges erschwert. </p>
<p>Endlich im „full cave“ Teil angekommen, ging es zurueck nach Taj Maha, um an den Verengungen zu trainieren und mit Sprüngen auf andere Leinen zu beginnen. Wir starteten, wie fast immer mit Leinenuebungen am Parkplatz und dann gings ab zum ersten 90 min Tauchgang wo eine Uebung die naechste abwechselte und wir uns zum Schluss waehrend einer „ohne Luft Situation“ bei null Sicht durch eine Verengung zwaengen mussten.<br />
Alles lief super gut ab und die beiden tauchten mit einem breiten Lächeln auf!</p>
<p><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-569" title="austrians-during-cave-course-002" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/austrians-during-cave-course-002-300x225.jpg" alt="austrians-during-cave-course-002" width="300" height="225" /></p>
<p>Tag sieben verbrachten wir in der Cenote Minotauro um einen komplexen Circuit zu planen, vorzubreiten und durchzufuehren und noch mehr die Engstellen zu trainieren. Ein 106 min Tauchgang und ein 78 min Tauchgang waren dazu noetig&#8230;was fuer ein Tag und die beiden haben auch eindeutig ihre Lieblingshoehle gefunden.</p>
<p>Am letzten Tag ging es dann nach Tulum, in der Grand Cenote machten wir die letzten zwei Tauchgaenge ohne Uebungen um das Erlernte auszuprobieren. Zwei traumhafte Tauchgaenge durch dieses so wundervoll dekorierte System. Der perfekte Abschluss fuer einen tollen Kurs.</p>
<p>Zurueck in der Tauchbasis haben wir dann noch die Examen gemacht, die alle mit fast 100% bestanden haben und somit war es vollbracht, wir haben vier neue, oesterreichische Hoehlentaucher, und ich koennte nicht stolzer sein.<br />
Ein herzliches Danke an die vier, die sich so tapfer geschlagen haben, auch wenn die Tage lang, die Woche noch laenger und die Uebungen hart waren&#8230; oesterreichisches Blut ist eben koa Nudelsuppen.</p>
<p>Ich hoffe euch bald wieder hier zu sehen, um euch ein paar der traumhaften Hoehlen der Riviera Maya zu zeigen&#8230;</p>
<p>Sonnige Gruesse aus Playa,<br />
Patrick</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="size-medium wp-image-570 aligncenter" title="austrians-during-cave-course-006" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/austrians-during-cave-course-006-225x300.jpg" alt="austrians-during-cave-course-006" width="225" height="300" /></p>
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		<title>Análisis de Accidentes y Motivación</title>
		<link>http://www.protecblog.com/564/analisis-de-accidentes-y-motivacion.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.protecblog.com/564/analisis-de-accidentes-y-motivacion.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Feb 2010 15:35:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Matt</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Buceo en cueva]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Curso de cueva]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Curso de técnico en cuevas]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Entrenamiento]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.protecblog.com/?p=564</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[la analysis de los accidentes es la base del espeleobuceo]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES;" lang="ES">Ya que los humanos han vivido en cuevas durante milenios, parece que hemos desarrollado un fuerte, a veces inconsciente, lazo con ellas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Las cuevas han provisto a los humanos de refugio del ambiente externo por largo tiempo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES;" lang="ES">Cuando evolucionó la exploración de las cuevas secas a la exploración de las cuevas inundadas, las primeras técnicas utilizadas fueron sosteniendo la respiración.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Con el desarrollo de Aqualung, los buzos empezaron a aventurarse en las cuevas inundadas y nació la exploración de cuevas submarinas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los pasados accidentes de buceo en cueva eran con frecuencia vistos como sensacionalistas por el público pero, vistos en el periodo de la exploración de cuevas submarinas, el número de buzos de cueva que han fallecido en cuevas inundadas es menor de 2 al año.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES;" lang="ES">Análisis de Accidentes de Buceo de Cueva</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">El pionero del buceo de cueva Sheck Exley publicó en 1979 “Un plano azul para la supervivencia” donde investigó y analizó las muertes en cueva ocurridas hasta ese punto e identificó tres factores principales que han contribuido a los accidentes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Con su estudio, Sheck Exley fundó las bases para el entrenamiento de buzos de cueva y el futuro entrenamiento incluyó la prevención de estos tres factores.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Al inicio del año 1983, Wes Skiles continuó la investigación de accidentes ocurridos hasta ese punto e identificó otros dos factores principales que contribuyen a los accidentes en el ambiente de la cueva submarina.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los cinco factores que contribuyen han sido denominados las cinco reglas del análisis de accidentes pero existen factores adicionales que contribuyen a su existencia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Las reglas del análisis de accidentes forman la base del entrenamiento del buzo de cueva actual.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Reglas del Análisis de Accidentes y Factores que contribuyen</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Para la población de buzos en general.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Las siguientes son las reglas originales y los factores que contribuyen del análisis de accidentes en el orden en que ocurren de acuerdo a las estadísticas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estas reglas y factores aplican para la población y comunidad general de buceo que no está entrenada de ninguna manera en ambientes techados como caverna, cueva, naufragio o buceo en hielo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Falta de entrenamiento en buceos de entorno cerrado.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Los buzos entrenados para el buceo de aguas abiertas, aún aquellos con mucha experiencia que entran en entorno cerrado, no están preparados para el autoentrenamiento del riesgo específico del buceo de cueva o caverna.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Es la falta de conocimiento acerca del riesgo, las técnicas y el equipo utilizado lo que pone en riesgo al buzo de aguas abiertas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">       </span></span></span><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Falla al mantener la continuidad de la línea guía hacia aguas abiertas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">La falla al mantener una sencilla línea guía continua desde la ubicación de uno en la cueva de regreso a aguas abiertas, es la segunda razón más directa para las muertes en buceo de cueva.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los buzos de aguas abiertas no procesan el conocimiento de la importancia de una línea guía continua a la superficie.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Cuando estos buzos entran al ambiente techado la visibilidad en muchos casos es muy buena pero puede cambiar durante la penetración cuando no se utiliza el equilibrio apropiado y las técnicas de propulsión.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Cuando se voltean, estos buzos pueden enfrentar una situación de visibilidad cero donde es imposible ver y encontrar el camino a la salida.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">       </span></span></span><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Falla al reservar al menos dos tercios de la provisión de aire respirable del inicio para la salida.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Bucear en entorno cerrado requiere suficiente volumen de gas respirable para asegurar que un buzo pueda salir con seguridad de la cueva y puede brindar asistencia a un buzo sin aire compartiendo su provisión de gas respirable en el caso de una pérdida catastrófica de gas en la máxima penetración y aún salir con seguridad del ambiente de cueva o caverna.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los buzos deben asegurarse que un tercio de la provisión de gas es utilizado para la penetración de la cueva, un tercio para la salida y un tercio como mínimo para emergencias.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>La falla de reservar como mínimo dos tercios de la provisión de gas respirable para la salida es la tercera razón directa para muertes en cueva y su violación genera un serio tema de seguridad no sólo para el buzo que viola la regla de tercios sino para el equipo completo y para quien pueda depender de ese gas respirable para una salida segura en caso de emergencia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">       </span></span></span><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Buceando a exceso de profundidad</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">El buceo profundo genera una variedad de problemas potenciales y es la cuarta razón directa para las fatalidades en cueva.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Cuando un buzo se aventura en la profundidad de la columna de agua se genera una variedad de problemas adicionales que deben ser mencionados.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Al bucear a mayor profundidad utilizamos más gas respirable que en aguas poco profundas, por lo tanto tenemos menos tiempo de penetración bajo la regla de tercios y más importante, menos tiempo para resolver problemas que puedan ocurrir como tardanza en la salida o enredos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Otros factores como el aumento de CO2, narcosis por nitrógeno, toxicidad por oxígeno y desmayo por profundidad son factores de las prácticas de buceo de aire profundo y no deben practicarse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El estrés por descompresión es otro factor del buceo profundo y debe tomarse precaución especial para acomodar los procedimientos de descompresión.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Con la disponibilidad del entrenamiento y el equipo para nitrox, la descompresión acelerada y trimix, algunos de los factores mencionados arriba pueden ser agendados con seguridad en la era actual del buceo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">       </span></span></span><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Falla al usar por lo menos tres luces</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Los buzos de cueva deben cargar tres luces por buzo para entrar al ambiente de la cueva con seguridad.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los buzos de caverna utilizan la luz solar cerca de la entrada como su fuente primaria de luz y requieren cargar solo dos luces mecánicas (la luz del sol es utilizada como la tercera fuente de luz)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Mientras que la pérdida de una fuente de luz puede causar que el buzo retrase su salida, no debe contribuir a una fatalidad ya que salir de la cueva con una luz de respaldo o sin ella usando la línea guía continua a la superficie son ejercicios importantes practicados durante el programa de entrenamiento del buzo de caverna o cueva.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Para buzos de cueva entrenados.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Las siguientes son las reglas originales y los factores que contribuyen del análisis de accidentes en el orden en el que ocurren estadísticamente para buzos de cueva.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estas reglas y factores aplican para la población de buceo de cueva que está entrenada en buceo de cueva y caverna.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1.   La razón número uno para que mueran buzos de cueva es exceder los límites de profundidad del entrenamiento o la experiencia. Mientras el buceo de cueva es una actividad potencialmente peligrosa, también lo es el buceo profundo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Combinar estas dos actividades es estar engendrando un animal potencialmente peligroso.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Cerca del 80% de todas las muertes de buceo de cueva ocurren debajo de los 150 pies / 46 metros y pueden haber sido contribuidas por la narcosis por nitrógeno, los requerimientos de volumen de gas, los gases respirables utilizados o el cambio de gas conducido a la profundidad equivocada excediendo un PO2 de 1.4 ata o un END de mayor profundidad de 130 pies / 40 metros.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El buzo de cueva actual tiene una variedad de entrenamiento apropiado y de gases respirables disponibles y puede permanecer dentro de los parámetros de procedimientos y práctica establecidos para un buceo seguro.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">       </span></span></span><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">La razón número dos para que mueran buzos de cueva es la falla al tender una línea guía continua a la superficie, visualmente brincar de una línea a otra o marcar incorrectamente los saltos o intersecciones permanentes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Si los buzos penetran una cueva o caverna sin una línea guía o nadan de una línea guía a otra sin colocar e instalar una línea de salto, voluntariamente ponen en riesgo sus vidas debido a que un levantamiento de sedimento puede ocurrir detrás de ellos debido a sus propias técnicas de nado o que otro buzo del equipo entre detrás de ellos reduciendo la visibilidad a cero.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Encontrar la otra línea o la salida puede probar ser excesivamente consumidora de aire y tiempo para salir con seguridad del ambiente techado.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">       </span></span></span><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">La razón número tres para que mueran buzos de cueva entrenados es la falla al reservar dos tercios de la provisión de aire respirable al inicio..<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>La violación de asegurar un tercio de la provisión de gas para un compañero que la necesite pone no sólo al buzo mismo en riesgo sino a todo el equipo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Una vez que el buzo ha utilizado el aire, éste no puede reproducirse, no puede utilizarse para emergencias.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Factores contribuyentes</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Mientras estas reglas y factores contribuyentes del análisis de accidentes están muy bien establecidos, otros factores contribuyentes como bucear más allá de los límites y experiencia de uno, bucear una cueva o ambiente nuevo, bucear con equipo nuevo, utilizar equipo inapropiado o insuficiente, bucear a través de las restricciones o bucear más allá de la zona de comodidad, bucear con compañeros inapropiadamente entrenados o experimentados, buceos con traje seco, buceos de aguas frías, buceos de navegación compleja, buceos de observación, buceos DPV, buceo de cueva en grupos largos, seguir ciegamente a un guía en la cueva, buceos de varias paradas, buceos de varios gases de respiración, hiper o hipotermia, deshidratación o fotografía pueden potencialmente contribuir a los accidentes de cueva debido a la carga de tareas, al cansancio físico o la tardanza en la salida.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">En el buceo de cueva como en el buceo de aguas abiertas el procedimiento y concepto del compañero debe ejercitarse y fallar en esto puede llevar potencialmente a situaciones donde un buzo sólo muere en una cueva mientras un miembro del equipo pudo haber ayudado con el enredo, compartiendo gas o en los errores de navegación.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Fallar al bucear con un miembro del equipo puede ser un factor que contribuya a una fatalidad del buceo de cueva.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El buceo solitario es una forma muy especializada del buceo de cueva y sólo puede garantizarse en circunstancias muy especiales.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El entrenamiento especial, el equipo y los procedimientos deben seguirse estrictamente para bucear con seguridad en solitario.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Motivación</span></strong><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Desde el inicio de la humanidad, las cuevas submarinas han tenido una fascinación especial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los inexpertos las han visto frecuentemente como oscuras, laberintos de premoniciones abiertos a lo más profundo de la tierra.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los antiguos Mayas de América Central creían que eran una ventana de agua que la muerte utilizaba para alcanzar el Inframundo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El mundo espiritual de los Mayas relacionaba los Cenotes (de la palabra Maya Dzonot- Muy Sagrado) con la entrada al inframundo donde vive Chak el dios de la lluvia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Aquellos de nosotros que hemos penetrado en este bajo mundo de agua sabemos que el buceo de cueva es una de esas pocas experiencias que actualmente ofrecen la oportunidad de explorar el espacio interior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Hemos aprendido que las cuevas son el espejo de la eternidad, penetrando más allá de nuestra presencia al reino de la eternidad.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Hemos sentido la intriga de descubrir lo que hay más allá de la siguiente vuelta.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Hemos, de hecho, tomado el camino menos transitado.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Hemos estado en un pasaje de lo desconocido.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Nuestros sentidos han sido alertados.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>La cueva, por un breve momento, se vuelve el enamorado.</span></p>
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		<title>Deep Cave exploration, a view from the logistical side</title>
		<link>http://www.protecblog.com/545/deep-cave-exploration-a-view-from-the-logistical-side.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.protecblog.com/545/deep-cave-exploration-a-view-from-the-logistical-side.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:24:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Matt</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Decompression]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Deep Cave diving]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Equipment]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Expedition]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Logistics]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Mixed Gas diving]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Team Diving]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cenotes]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Exploration]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.protecblog.com/?p=545</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Deep cave diving exploration from a logistical point of view]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The continuing exploration of particular Cenotes, cave systems and sinkholes within the Yucatan Peninsula takes time in terms of divers committing to exploration with training and experience, the financial as well as the time burden that such explorations are coming with.  Another large aspect of cave exploration is finding the right dive team that is equally experienced to dive the cave or sinkhole at hand, to train continuously and work up to the planned dive pluis the logistical support needed for such projects.</span></p>
<div id="attachment_547" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 399px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/3600.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-547 " title="3600" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/3600.jpg" alt="decompressing deep diver" width="389" height="279" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">decompressing deep diver</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In January of 2010 all came together when a polish deep diving team around Jurek and Cezary were ready to continue the deep exploration of the Sabak Ha (Turbid Water) Cenote in the central Yucatan some 60 kilometers / 40 miles south of Merida. I was diving deep in Sabak Ha around 1997 - 2000 to a depth of 150 meters / 500 feet with a large room clearly continuing horizontally as well as vertically down. No walls where to be seen, no ceiling and no bottom with a visibility of around 30 meters / 100 feet. When Jurek heard about this site we went for a recon dive earlier this year ,and he was all for a project to push the boundaries.</span></p>
<div id="attachment_546" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 272px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0090-600.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-546 " title="dsc_0090-600" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0090-600.jpg" alt="lowering gear to the water" width="262" height="395" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">lowering gear to the water</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The 2010 exploration team consisted of Jurek and Cezary as deep push divers, Robert and Dariusz as support divers, Conrad filming underwater, Jacek and Piotr filming on the surface. me from the ProTec Dive Center in Playa del Carmen was responsible for local support, logistics, gas mixing, photography underwater and on the surface, liaison with local authorities and press as well as translation. All participating divers where technical cave divers as well as Trimix divers experienced in deep cave diving as well as Mexican cave diving. Dive team preparations prior arriving in Mexico included multiple deep cave diving in the Red Sea in the 100 - 120 meter / 330 – 400 feet range to get the team procedures in sync. When the dive team arrived in Q. Roo during the beginning of January 2010 three days of horizontal cave diving in large doubles where conducted to acclimatize to Mexican caves and the tanks to be used during the deep diving project.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For the first deep diving day in Sabak Ha all breathing gases such as a number of Trimix mixtures, Nitrox and oxygen were mixed by me in Playa del Carmen&#8217;s ProTec Dive Center. A total of 25 80 cft alm stage tanks, 2 sets of 80 cft alm double tanks, 2 sets of 104 cft steel double tanks and 2 sets of 125 cft steel doubles tanks got filled, rigged and came along for the trip. This was going to be an all open circuit assault as all divers where experienced in open circuit deep diving. The project was scheduled in a way to dive one day then mix gases / rest the next day, dive one day then mix gases / rest the next day, and so on.</span></p>
<div id="attachment_548" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 420px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/fill600a.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-548 " title="fill600a" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/fill600a.jpg" alt="mixing it up" width="410" height="270" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">mixing it up</p></div>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After arriving on site at the first diving day all came together as we met our porter team around Dionicio and Chepo from the Ecology Department of Yucatan who introduced us to the helping hands they had organized. The 2010 Sabak Ha exploration project was in the planning for over 6 month with continuous support from the Ecology Department of Yucatan who contributed with a rescue team and vehicle on site. As all gases where mixed in Playa del Carmen the team went to the dive site for a recon dive that led the whole team to a depth of 65 meters / 215 feet. During that time one camera man was diving with the team documenting the environment, two camera men stayed on the surface documenting the surface activity and I me remaining on the surface organizing the surface support as well as taking still images for later articles that where to be published in Poland.</span></p>
<div id="attachment_549" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 402px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0037-600.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-549 " title="dsc_0037-600" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0037-600.jpg" alt="gear assembly" width="392" height="283" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">gear assembly</p></div>
<div id="attachment_550" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 401px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/1600.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-550 " title="1600" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/1600.jpg" alt="underwater camera man" width="391" height="266" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">underwater camera man</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The next day after the recon dive was a mixing day with a 6 hour long mixing session at Dutton&#8217;s Machine Shop in Merida, the only filling station in Merida. During that mixing session a number of breathing mixes did not turn out the way they should have been. The affected breathing mixtures were analyzed and identified the same evening but could not be changed due to fill station time restraints and gas supply company hiccups, the gas company not being able to deliver the gases I had reserved and they had confirmed. The blending issue was identified to as helium tanks containing less than 100% helium. The average helium purity was established and analyzed around 93-94% helium, with one tank 70% helium and another 80% helium. This mix up of breathing gases could have been easily avoided if I would have analyzed all helium tanks for helium content before starting the mixing process. In order to fix the breathing mixtures the next planned diving day fell into the water as the remixing of a number of Trimix mixtures took some 3 1/2 hours as soon as the filling station opened, and at this time the dive team did not feel it wanted to be rushed into deep cave diving, and canceled the dive of this day.</span></p>
<div id="attachment_551" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 419px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0437-600.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-551 " title="dsc_0437-600" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0437-600.jpg" alt="fill station in Merida" width="409" height="274" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">fill station in Merida</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The second diving day lead the deep diving team to the 100 - 110 meter / 330 – 360 feet horizontal passage from where the line leads into the large room where no walls, bottom or ceiling can be seen. When continuing into this passage exploration starts at 120 meters / 400 feet horizontally and when following the line down at 150 meters / 500 feet depth at the end of the line with no bottom in sight. The deep team was continuously documenting the whole dive with a helmet mounted video camera. The shallow diving team went into the shallower 65 meter / 215 feet cave passage to investigate the potential for further exploration. During that dive the underwater camera man was filming the deep team to a depth of 100 meters / 330 feet while this author was taking underwater still images to a depth of 30 meters / 100 feet as well as surface photography.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Due to delays with the gas company providing the helium and oxygen, and the weekend becoming a major factor of not being able to blend breathing gases in the fill station the day was used to shoot surface footage at the Uxmal ruins. Nice day, nice footage, not much diving through. At this time the project schedule started to slide but the day in the ruins was a great way to not think about diving too much.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The following day started with fully restocked helium and oxygen supplies and the next 6 1/2 hour mixing marathon session began to blend breathing gases for the upcoming push dive. This time we had no bad helium tanks but all tanks were analyzed to be around 93 - 94% helium. While being at the fill station all day long I really appreciate the help from Elias who helped me so much pumping all that air that was needed to drive the so important booster pump as well as to top of all them tanks.</span></p>
<div id="attachment_553" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 251px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0738-600z.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-553 " title="dsc_0738-600z" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0738-600z.jpg" alt="tanks come up the line in darkness" width="241" height="328" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">tanks come up the line in darkness</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The next diving day came with us leaving Merida around 8:00 am from the Tecnotel Motel right in Merida and close to the fill station with about an hour’s drive to the village of Mucuyche where we met at the house of Dionicio and Adelaida to gather the rest of our porters. Today old trusted Pedro came along to help out, bringing the porter crew up to four porters. Arriving shortly after 9:00 am at the dive site it took about 1 1/2 hours to get all the tanks set up, down the rope and towards the water’s edge. The rescue teams daily arrival was around 11:00 am, just before the divers went into the water.  The hang line was installed daily to hang travel gases, deco gases and extra tanks onto the line prior the divers went into the water. Support divers verified the tank depth. During the deep part of the dive one of the deep support divers got entangled into the guideline at around 100 meters / 330 feet depth and the guideline had to be cut to free the support diver. At this moment the dive was called and the divers came back to the surface well before the 6 hour long planned dive that would have been the push dive. Better safe than sorry.</span></p>
<div id="attachment_554" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 404px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0800-600.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-554 " title="dsc_0800-600" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0800-600.jpg" alt="tanks come up the line in darkness" width="394" height="265" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">tanks come up the line in darkness</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As the project time was running out slowly with the project duration coming to an end it was decided to do one more dive to fix and repair the guide line at 110 meters / 360 feet in order to leave an continuous guideline for following dive teams. Breathing gases where filled and remixed early in the morning the same day with a late start arriving at the dive site at 11:00 am putting the divers into the water around 13:00 pm. The deep diving team was able to repair the line on this last dive and to push on into the deep part of the cave to a depth of 130 meters / 430 feet. As we had a late start into the dive darkness came up fast. The generator was started up around 17:00 pm providing light with two 500 watt working lights, thus enabling the surface crew to safely bring all the tanks back up the line and stored into the vehicles.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">During our stay we gave a number of interviews for local news papers and local TV stations that demonstrated that the local populations interest in how the sinkhole of Sabak Ha, the deepest geological feature of the Yucatan may continue and what new passages might be found. During the diving days we had quite a large number of up to 40 visitors that came from the surrounding villages to see what we do, have a chat and lend a hand.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As the project came to an end the team did no reached the goal they came here to Sabak Ha to fulfill, the exploration to maximum depth, however, the team established the potential of exploration at the 120 meter / 400 feet plateau. When the guideline broke it became a priority to repair the guide line and they spend a dive on repair instead of a deep push dive. During the four conducted deep dives no one was hurt, no one was bent, not even a strained ankle, shoulder or scratch on the arm. As it turns out at times deep cave exploration is not an easy feat but if you can walk away from it and talk about it, it was a great successful project. The dive profiles where for dive 1) to 60 meters / 200 feet, 20 minutes bottom time, 1,5 hrs total time, dive 2) to 60 meters / 200 feet dive, 30 minutes bottom time, 2,5 hrs total time, dive 3) to 113 meters / 370 feet, 17 minutes bottom, 2 hrs 15 minutes total time, dive 4) to 100 meters / 330 feet, 11 minutes bottom, 1,5 hrs total, dive 5) to 130 meters / 430 feet, 30 minutes bottom, 4,5 hrs total time.</span></p>
<div id="attachment_555" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 391px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/7600.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-555 " title="7600" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/7600.jpg" alt="decompressing deep diving team" width="381" height="263" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">decompressing deep diving team</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I would like to thank the Ecology Department of Yucatan for their support, the Bomberos rescue team to be there for us, the porter crew to make it happen, Adelaida for the great Yucatecan food, Pedro to not give up teaching me some Maya and Dionicio to have the great skill to move a mountain of equipment without a scratch. </span> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I would like to thank the Polish deep team Jurek and Cezary, the support team Robert and Dariusz, the underwater camera man Conrad, the surface film crew Jacek and Piotr to come here to Mexico and trying to push the known boundaries of these deep caves. I would like to mention as well that part of making the project happen was the generous project support of the main sponsor Infovide-Matrix a Polish IT consulting company which also sponsored Jurek’s 231 meter / 757 feet depth record in 2007, the main media patron National Geographic Poland and the equipment sponsored by Liquivision - X1 Trimix computers and Ammonite Polish underwater lights.</span></p>
<div id="attachment_556" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 438px"><a href="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0006600.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-556 " title="dsc_0006600" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0006600.jpg" alt="family matters" width="428" height="280" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">family matters</p></div>
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		<item>
		<title>A lot going on&#8230;</title>
		<link>http://www.protecblog.com/533/a-lot-going-on.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.protecblog.com/533/a-lot-going-on.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:02:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Patrick</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Backmount]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cave Course]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[DPV]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Equipment]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Sidemount]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Stage Dive]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Team Diving]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Training]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cave]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intro to cave course training]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[mel clark]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Mexico]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Playa del Carmen]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Scooter]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Sidemount configuracion tanques laterales]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Stage]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Zero Visibility]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.protecblog.com/?p=533</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[just a quick review over the last weeks...from my point of view.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The last weeks have been awesome, it started of with a basic Sidemount course, followed by a CCR experience, a multistage course, then Basic Cave DPV, an Intro to Cave course, taking some pictures with Matt and some guided CCR cave diving&#8230;I really like to do different things, so a schedule like this is just perfect for me.</p>
<p>First on the list was Tristan who lives and works here in Playa and felt it was time to expand his horizon and move into sidemount diving. First step was to work on a rig and after listing up his different options he decided to go with a basic webbing harness and a modified recreational bcd on top as buoyancy device. We used to first day for theory, talking about equipment, gas management, some history, benefits and dangers of sidemount diving among other things. The afternoon was spend with configuration and some time in the pool to fine tune the rig.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-536" title="iphone-1209-006" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/iphone-1209-006-225x300.jpg" alt="iphone-1209-006" width="158" height="230" /><img class="size-medium wp-image-534 alignleft" title="iphone-1209-004" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/iphone-1209-004-225x300.jpg" alt="iphone-1209-004" width="148" height="224" /><img class="size-medium wp-image-535 aligncenter" title="iphone-1209-005" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/iphone-1209-005-225x300.jpg" alt="iphone-1209-005" width="171" height="227" /></p>
<p>On the next day we went to Cenote Xtabay, to work on buoyancy, trim, fining techniques, equipment familiarity and zero visibility procedures. A very long day with hours in the water but leaving with a streamlined rig that started to be more and more an extension of Tristan&#8217;s body.<br />
On the last day we went to Cenote Chac Mool to dive in low ceiling cave to show how easy and fast you can move in a sidemount configuration in passages that would really slow you down diving in backmount.</p>
<p>The very next day, I spent with Arthur who had just finished his cave course with Nando but wanted to try out CCR diving before going back to Poland. For his try out he chose the Classic Kiss . We met in the morning and I started with some basics on ccrs, different types and units, potential hazards and advantages over OC diving. Later we went to Ponderosa where he had the chance after some basic exercises to swim the unit in the open water and make his first bubble free experience underwater.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-537" title="iphone-1209-013" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/iphone-1209-013-225x300.jpg" alt="iphone-1209-013" width="225" height="300" /></p>
<p>Right after that the finish invasion started with Lauri who came in from cold Helsinki to further his knowledge and experience in cave diving with a stage multistage course followed by a basic cave dpv course. A really perfect combination since it follows the principal of progressive penetration.<br />
There are many different schools of thought coming from different point of views, environments, agencies and other ideas and so the first step always has to be to analyze and review them and see which one fits best ones believes. These also may change with time and from one environment to the next and so to be open minded and willing to try different things is the key in my opinion.<br />
The main  topics for the two courses definitely should be different rules of gas management, streamlining of gear, team protocols, zero visibility training including pick up and switching, different failures and the response to these failures and then just train, train, train.<br />
We definitely had a cool time and did some super nice long dives where one drill followed the next keeping us busy and alert. Lauri handled everything I was throwing at him from out of gas drills to zero viz having to pick up and switch to stages with his eyes closed while staying in contact with the team retrieving his scooter while lights out then towing and pushing fellow divers with dpv malfunctions and  all of that several thousand feet back in a cave. He mastered the techniques  necessary for long penetrations understanding the risk of these dives and accepting to start slow and never making too big steps. Now it is up to him to stay sharp and to adapt the skills learned in the Mexican caves to  the cold mine diving he is doing back home.</p>
<p>A couple of days later the finish invasion continued with Veli, Mia, Saara and Miksu that all came to do their intro to cave training with Matt and I. Although we had to fight with sickness and cancel sightseeing trips we fought our way through and at the end all four left as certified intro to cave divers.   I also had the chance to take Miksu and Saara on some guided dives afterward where they finally had the chance to try the learned outside the course environment. We went to places like Nohoch and Dos Ojos which are famous for their beautiful decorations.</p>
<p>Having some days off in between Matt and me took the opportunity to go and take some pictures  in Grand Cenote&#8230;here a little taste:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-541" title="dsc_0129600" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0129600-300x201.jpg" alt="dsc_0129600" width="254" height="166" /><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-538" title="dsc_0068600" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0068600-300x201.jpg" alt="dsc_0068600" width="275" height="167" /><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-540" title="dsc_0109600" src="http://www.protecblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dsc_0109600-300x201.jpg" alt="dsc_0109600" width="247" height="165" /></p>
<p>Finally I had the great pleasure to take Dr. Mel Clark on some guided ccr cave diving. Having been sick before I wasn´t quiet 100%  but to be around an energetic and fun person like her immediately made me feel better. She was packing her revo ccr and a camera and so we went for some longer dives taking what felt to me like 1000s of pictures. First day we were out at Cenote Pet Cemetery to dive both lines towards the blue abyss and a bit beyond. On the second dive we where joined by Michael another ccr diver with a Megalodon that made our team complete.<br />
The day after we went to Mayan Blue to dive from B tunnel to E and F and finally back over towards A after the T. One of my absolute favorite dives!!!!<br />
Definitely cool  to hang out with her and share experiences and discuss some different ideas, great time!</p>
<p>So that&#8217;s it, a short report on what I did the last weeks and maybe it also explains why I didn&#8217;t sit down in the evening to write about it, I was a bit exhausted =)</p>
<p>Thank you very much to all the divers that gave me the opportunity to show them a little bit of my world, it was a great to meet and dive with you. Hope to see you all back here soon!!!</p>
<p>Cheers<br />
Patrick</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Configuración del Equipo</title>
		<link>http://www.protecblog.com/530/configuracion-del-equipo.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.protecblog.com/530/configuracion-del-equipo.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Jan 2010 23:33:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Matt</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Buceo en cueva]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Curso de cueva]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Espeleobuceo]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[equipo de buceo espeleobuceo]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.protecblog.com/?p=530</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[sobre configuracion del equipo de buceo por espeleobuceo]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">La parte más importante de un sistema de apoyo de vida eres tú y tu computadora principal que descansa sobre tus hombros, tu cerebro.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Debes ser un buzo alerta y competente.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Cada pieza del sistema de apoyo de vida debe ser seleccionada ya que tu vida depende ello, porque así es.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>La orientación de la configuración debe ser eficiente y proveer los requerimientos de seguridad personal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Mientras se desarrollan nuevas ideas, estilos, configuraciones y equipo, debemos estar dispuestos a modificar nuestro equipo mientras su configuración sea necesaria.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Una actitud con la disposición de evolucionar en caso necesario.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>No hay que estancarse en aproximaciones, actitudes o equipo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">La comunidad del buceo de cueva ha estado consistentemente en la orilla de la tecnología submarina.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los buzos han continuado a mayor profundidad y más lejos que ningún otro grupo de buzos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Lo que los buzos de cueva han aprendido y desarrollado continúa dando forma a la comunidad entera del buceo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El rango de equipo necesario para el buceo de cueva varía.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Las necesidades con frecuencia varían de acuerdo al sitio de buceo y al objetivo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estas variables dictan lo que necesitará un buzo de cueva para un ambiente de buceo dado.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Sin embargo, hay un número de artefactos comunes a todas las formas de buceo de cueva incluyendo aquellas para aplicaciones específicas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Las variaciones serán discutidas para permitir la personalización de acuerdo a las necesidades del individuo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El conocimiento y la experiencia que se cubre en este capítulo vienen de décadas de experiencia en buceo de cueva que incluye miles de buceos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Invitamos a una menta abierta mientras recomendamos técnicas e ideas que pueden ser implementadas cuando se diseña la configuración del buceo de cueva.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">La razón por la que el buceo de cueva es de mayor intensidad de equipo que otras formas de buceo es fácil de explicar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Por su propia naturaleza, los buceos de cueva cuando se comparan a buceos de aguas abiertas o de naufragios, son más largos de completarse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Este proceso requiere un descenso seguido de una penetración en un ambiente oscuro y techado.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Las paradas de descompresión deben ser planeadas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>En este ambiente extremo, los buzos deben ser tanto autoconfiables como autosuficientes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Una de las máximas del buceo de cueva enfatiza que el equipo debe garantizar la habilidad para el autorescate mientras al mismo tiempo provee el grado necesario de redundancia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los buzos necesitan anticipar una rotura o descompostura de equipo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Si esto amenaza la vida, el buzo de cueva debe estar en posición de superar la amenaza por sí mismo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">Las configuraciones del equipo deben ser aerodinámicas y proveer fácil acceso así como un uso amigable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los artefactos deben ser<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>configurados de tal manera que sean localizados con un simple toque.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Todos los manómetros y consolas no deben ser montados en la cintura sino colocados en el BC o en el arnés.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Las consolas que cuelgan con frecuencia se enredan o rayan o dañan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Mantener las computadoras y las consolas en la cintura y/o cerca del cuerpo reduce el arrastre.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">Las mangueras de la provisión primaria de gas también deben mantenerse tan cerca del cuerpo como sea posible utilizando tamaños y largos de manguera personales.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Pueden ser insertados en la espiral de tubos quirúrgicos (o algún otro material).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Las mangueras no deben extenderse fuera y más allá del ancho del cuerpo del buzo o fuera del diámetro de los tanques, de ser posible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Desarrolla una configuración orientada que tenga todas las mangueras apuntando hacia abajo o cruzando detrás de tu cuello.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Nuevamente el objetivo es mantener el equipo tan limpio y aerodinámico como sea posible.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">Algunos buzos técnicos y de cueva también utilizan correas hechas de plástico quirúrgico para mantener tanto el tanque principal y las segundas etapas dentro de una zona triangular cerca o justo debajo de la barbilla.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estas correas se colocan alrededor del cuello para mantener las piezas de la boca del regulador cerca de la garganta del buzo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Esta configuración hace que los reguladores sean muy fáciles de localizar si hay algún problema.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Esta estandarización también significa que todos los miembros del equipo saben donde están localizadas las segundas etapas de sus compañeros.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">No existe ningún sistema perfecto.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los buzos, como su orientación, vienen en todas las formas y tamaños.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Lo que funciona para uno, entorpece a otro.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Iniciando con las recomendaciones los buzos pueden experimentar con todas las partes y variaciones de los conceptos básicos y descubrir la forma que le funcione mejor al buzo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>A lo largo de los años, algunas ideas realmente buenas han sido desarrolladas, también se debe ser receptivo a las ideas que ofrecen otros buzos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Lo que les funciona a ellos también puede funcionarle a uno.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Es importante evolucionar tantas ideas diferentes como nuevos equipos que surgen.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">Consideraciones importantes al configurar la orientación son el aerodinamismo y la limpieza.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>No lleves lo que no necesitas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Una cantidad razonable de redundancia pero no sobreredundancia y la creación de mayor número de puntos potenciales de falla, manteniéndose lo más aerodinámico posible, sin equipo que cuelgue para proteger el frágil ambiente de la cueva del equipo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Conocer el equipo, las mangueras y válvulas, marcar los gases claramente y debe ser posible identificarlos al toque.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Las segundas etapas con mezclas de alto contenido de oxígeno deben ser cubiertas con una guarda protectora para prevenir un uso no deseado a la profundidad equivocada.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Siempre sean de mente abierta para buscar una mejor manera de mantener bien el equipo, es el seguro de vida de los buzos de cueva.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">Las consideraciones adicionales en relación a la configuración del equipo deberán ser evaluadas de la misma forma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Algunos buzos utilizan dos consolas de presión sumergibles (SPG´s) en su provisión primaria de gas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Otros sienten que esto es un arrastre agregado.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Sienten que si su provisión primaria de gas falla, el buceo debe terminar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Dada la opción, una consola sumergible es suficiente.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>De hecho, sienten que el SPG de más, es sólo algo más que puede romperse.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">El SPG debe tener una manguera más corta para que no se abulte fuera del ancho del buzo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estas son varias maneras de asegurar la manguera del SPG.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Un método es ponerla en un anillo “D” arriba en el arnés del BC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Si se conecta la base del SPG con un conector corto, será fácil leer sin que el buzo tenga que agarrarlo o voltearlo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Otro método es montar el SPG a un anillo “D” a la cintura.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Un tercer método utilizado por muchos buzos que insisten en las consolas, traen el SPG cruzando el cuerpo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Mientras sea efectivo, cualquiera de estos métodos de asegurar un SPG requiere que el buzo pueda manejar la consola para leerla, en oposición al método “sin manos”.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoHeading8" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;" lang="ES"><strong>Configuraciones del Equipo</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">¿De qué manguera respirar?, ha sido debatido durante la historia del buceo de cueva y seguirá siendo debatido.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>En realidad ambos sistemas, respirar de la manguera corta y respirar de la manguera larga es de igual efectividad en los registros de seguridad y se reduce a un simple hecho de preferencias.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Es importante cuando se bucea con un compañero, que estén totalmente familiarizados con la configuración uno del otro.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Cuando los compañeros ajustan su equipo de manera diferente antes de bucear juntos, deben ensayar y practicar utilizando el equipo de cada uno como si estuvieran en una emergencia real.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los buzos que son compañeros constantes deben estar de acuerdo con la configuración para permitir la compatibilidad en aquellos artículos que serían cruciales en una emergencia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Esto no significa que cada artículo sea idéntico, pero las piezas de equipo empleadas en emergencias deben estar arregladas de modo similar para que las reacciones de reflejo sean consistentes bajo estrés.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Algunos buzos hacen esfuerzos innecesarios para hacer que cada pieza del equipo sea de la misma marca exactamente.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Esto es un poco extremista y no tiene un efecto de seguridad verdadero.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Pero, por otro lado, si funciona, háganlo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Traten de mantener la mente abierta para futuras actualizaciones de equipo y su configuración para no volverse obsoletos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">Además del debate si uno debe respirar de la manguera corta o larga, existe una discusión acerca de si la manguera larga debe ir en el poste izquierdo o derecho del manifold.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los buzos que prefieren tener la manguera larga en el poste derecho argumentan que el regulador primario está en el poste derecho para evitar que una válvula se doble en una situación de compartir aire a través de una restricción con el buzo sin aire enfrente, y un regulador apagado sin forma de comunicación o apertura de esa válvula.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Con este arreglo, si la válvula está cerrada, el buzo puede inmediatamente volverla a abrir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Si la manguera larga del regulador se coloca en el poste izquierdo, el cierre accidental puede generar el aumento de estrés, si se hace un cambio a un regulador que se ha cerrado inconscientemente, causado porque el buzo piense que se quedó sin aire.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoHeading8" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;" lang="ES"><strong>Respirando de la Manguera Corta como Fuente Primaria de Aire</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">Un buzo respirando de la manguera corta simplemente quita la manguera larga que tiene asegurada en el pecho.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Una posible desventaja es la localización del regulador de la manguera larga que puede variar de buzo a buzo o puede estar en una posición escondida y el regulador puede no estar trabajando tan bien o en absoluto si es rara vez utilizado por el buzo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El almacenamiento de la manguera larga puede hacerse bajo el manifold con problemas potenciales de enredo de manguera y la incapacidad de regresar la manguera a su lugar sin ayuda.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Otro lugar de almacenamiento es enrollar la manguera a lo largo de un lado del plato de la espalda o echarla a lo largo del tanque.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Ambas variedades de almacenajes tienen la desventaja potencial de que regresar la manguera larga a su lugar requiere ayuda de un compañero y puede ser difícil de lograr por uno mismo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoHeading8" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;" lang="ES"><strong>Respirando de la Manguera Larga como Fuente Primaria de Aire</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">La configuración Hogarthiana ha evolucionado hacia una de las configuraciones más aerodinámicas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El regulador de respaldo es puesto en el poste izquierdo y utilizado bajo la barbilla puesto con un collar alrededor del cuello.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>La manguera larga proviene del poste derecho y hacia el cinturón que carga la luz primaria.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El cinturón que carga las luces primarias es aerodinámico y está protegido para no sentarse en él con los tanques además de que se quita fácil y rápido en caso de tener que hacerlo en una situación difícil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>La manguera larga lleva una ruta bajo el bote de la luz primaria hacia y cruzando el pecho, finalmente da media vuelta al cuello y de ahí al frente del buzo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>En caso de una emergencia de falta de aire se saca el regulador liberando inmediatamente 4-5 pies / 1.2-1.5 metros de manguera larga.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Otras ventajas es que el regulador donante está trabajando y está localizado centralmente en la cabeza del buzo, fácil de ser localizado aún en situaciones de visibilidad cero.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">Una aproximación diferente es la que utilizan otros buzos de cueva respirando de la manguera larga en relación a la ruta y almacenaje de la manguera larga.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Más a menudo, la manguera larga es enrollada y plegada en<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>la correa de la cintura de la estructura del arnés del BC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Algunos buzos, sin embargo, dan vuelta a la manguera a través de un tubo quirúrgico asegurado al manifold y otros buzos respiran de la manguera larga en la ruta de la manguera a través de circuitos quirúrgicos puestos al lado derecho del plato de la espalda.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El regulador aún es puesto alrededor de la garganta con una retención hecha de tubo de plástico.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los buzos que utilizan la manguera larga como primaria, típicamente montan el paquete de baterías de su luz primaria en el lado derecho de la cintura.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Esto se hace para recoger el exceso de largo de la manguera.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">Si ocurriera una emergencia de compartir gas, el buzo utilizando la manguera larga como primaria cambiaría a su regulador de “manguera corta” y pasaría la unidad de manguera larga al buzo con problemas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Esto permite que ambos buzos mantengan un nado cómodo mientras alcanzan la salida.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">¿Dónde va la Luz?</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">Muchos buzos de cueva de temporada y completos utilizan la luz primaria en el lado derecho de la cintura.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Las luces montadas lateralmente pueden utilizarse del lado derecho o izquierdo del cuerpo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Una de las configuraciones más comunes es el lado derecho.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Esto facilita el control y la ruta de la manguera larga, que está estirada bajo el bote de la batería.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Las luces primarias pueden estar “montadas atrás” en la base de los tanques para aerodinamizar al buzo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Una luz montada atrás produce menos arrastre que otros métodos de asegurar las luces primarias y sobre todo es un sistema más limpio pero la luz primaria no puede ser sacada y vuelta a colocar tan fácilmente como una luz montada lateral en caso de enredo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Una luz montada atrás presenta un problema potencial adicional con la posibilidad de parar los tanques dobles sobre el bote de la luz, lo que provocaría un daño en la luz primaria.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Como alternativa, algunos buzos optan por tener su luz colocada a un lado de sus tanques con el potencial de un menor perfil aerodinámico y contacto con la cueva en un área estrecha provocando daño a la cueva y a la luz primaria.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">Todos estos sistemas y cualquiera de sus variaciones son aceptables con la luz montada a la cintura siendo la configuración más aerodinámica con la mejor protección para la lámpara misma y para el ambiente de la cueva.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">Conceptos Generales para la Configuración</span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">Existen muchos estilos diferentes de configuración que uno puede encontrar en la comunidad de buceo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El punto más importante de los cambios de las configuraciones es mantenerlas limpias y aerodinámicas con un bajo perfil de arrastre y sin equipo que cuelgue que pueda ser arrastrado por el sedimento o dañe al ambiente de la cueva.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los componentes de equipo que no son necesarios durante el buceo no deben ser introducidos a la cueva por la posibilidad de enredos o impacto negativo en la cueva.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El acceso fácil es la llave para la orientación de una exitosa configuración.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El regulador de manguera larga tiene que estar accesible en todo el momento y la manguera larga tiene que estar limpia sobre todo el equipo en cualquier momento.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El equipo redundante y de emergencia debe estar colocado en todo momento en la misma ubicación estándar para facilitar el acceso y el tiempo de reacción en situaciones de emergencia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El equipo debe estar balanceado para tener una posición libre de nivel y de estrés en el agua.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El equipo debe ser confiable, al final es el equipo de soporte de vida el que asegura nuestra supervivencia en un ambiente de otra manera hostil, y debemos tratarlo de acuerdo a ello.</span></p>
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		<item>
		<title>Danish Viking Submerges In The Mayan Underworld</title>
		<link>http://www.protecblog.com/526/danish-wiking-submerges-in-the-mayan-underworld.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.protecblog.com/526/danish-wiking-submerges-in-the-mayan-underworld.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Dec 2009 01:53:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Patrick</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Cave Course]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Training]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cave Cours]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cenotes]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Course Director]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Full Cave]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[PADI]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Riviera Maya]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.protecblog.com/?p=526</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A little report on my last cave course with Anders a local PADI Course Director. ]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A little while ago while I was still super busy with the polish group training and preparing their  distance record, I met Anders, a PADI Course Director working for <a href="http://www.prodivemex.com/index.html">Pro Dive Mexico</a>. Since I have a bunch of friends working there I had already heard that he was interested in cave diving, and now finally he was in the shop to talk about dates and pay the deposit.</p>
<p>From the first moment his enthusiasm about learning something new was obvious and there is really nothing better for me then teaching people that are as stoked about diving as I am. It is also somewhat rare to meet people that are in the industry since a long time but still enjoy to dive for pleasure and even do courses themselves.</p>
<p>Personally I find it very important to be back in the shoes of a student every once in a while to not lose the perspective and to remember that it is hard to learn something new at the beginning.</p>
<p>Since I had a previous work assignment as DSO on a commercial diving project in Toluca and Anders a big IDC right after that, we were a bit in schedule trouble, so we decided to split the course in two four-day runs. Which was also somewhat cool, since it gave him the possibility to practice some of the skills we were working on during the brake.</p>
<p>We started the first day in the classroom to cover some of the basics, and have a look at equipment and communication. In the afternoon we spent about 3h in open/confined water to simply work on buoyancy, trim and propulsion. Plenty of time to really work on the configuration and make the gear and extension of his body as well as introducing Anders to the different fining techniques that are so important for cave diving. Cave diving is about traveling distances as efficient and easy as possible and therefore I spend quiet a lot of time with my students developing these skills.</p>
<p>Second day was all about line drills, first out of the water and then in the water. Training for all sorts of zero visibility emergencies including entanglements and gas sharing. We stayed all afternoon in the water running drill after drill until it became second nature. After that as usual back to the dive center to continue with theory sessions.</p>
<p>Day three arrived and we were ready to go cave diving!!! Having spent all that time before in very shallow open water working on the basic skills with doubles and zero viz now really payed off as we could put all our focus on the cave environment and the team diving concept. It is important that all the other things are somewhat automatic or at least don&#8217;t need all of the attention of the diver, if not task loading becomes very fast an issue.</p>
<p>So day three and four were used to practice line laying techniques, team communication and emergency drills inside the overhead environment.</p>
<p>After the brake we met again in December to continue and Anders had really used the brake to work on his skills and study some more the manuals which set us up for a good start.</p>
<p>So we first went to Chac Mool to talk about lost line and lost diver scenarios and give it a try later in the water. Not the easiest skills to start with but Anders did a good job and stayed focused throughout the looooong day.</p>
<p>The next days we started with navigation, completed a complex circuit, negotiated restrictions while sharing gas in simulated zero visibility and did a couple of long awesome cave dives!</p>
<p>It was also nice to hang out and chat as we are both since quite some time in this industry and have in some ways very similar experiences and in other ways very different ones. The one thing we definitely share though is the pride and perfectionism in our profession. Anders just created a <a href="http://www.idcmexico.com/">training center </a>for people that are interested in becoming a dive professional where candidates have the opportunity not only to get pushed through courses barely fulfilling the minimum requirements. Instead they have the possibility to work in the resort environment, under supervision, to get a real taste of what it is like to work in this job and get the foundation that prepares them to work wherever in the world the day after they completed their training. He and his team also offer additional training in things like free diving and workshops on the underwater environment amongst other things. All in all I think it is an awesome idea  and great to see that there are more and more instructors interested in giving a little more rather than just pushing people through the ranks.</p>
<p>If you wanna get in touch with Anders to find out more about what him and his team are doing, please don&#8217;t hesitate and write me an mail and I will put you in touch.</p>
<p>The last day we went down to Tulum to dive in Grand Cenote. The perfect finish were we could apply all the things we had worked on during the course. Prepared with a detailed dive plan utilizing the map at site we completed two long dives incorporating several jumps and passing restrictions of all seizes and shapes.</p>
<p>So from my side there is nothing left to say but: “Congratulations Anders and Welcome to the Dark, Mysterious and Wonderful World of Cave Diving!”</p>
<p>Cheers<br />
Patrick</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>Breve historia de Espeleobuceo</title>
		<link>http://www.protecblog.com/523/breve-historia-de-espeleobuceo.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.protecblog.com/523/breve-historia-de-espeleobuceo.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 00:30:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Matt</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Buceo en cueva]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Espeleobuceo]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[buceo de cueva]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.protecblog.com/?p=523</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Una breve historia sobre buceo en cuevas, el Espeleobuceo]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">Durante los últimos 150 años se han dado tantos eventos en el buceo y la exploración de cueva que han sido archivados; la siguiente lista no está de ninguna manera completa pero nos da una idea de la larga historia del buceo de cueva donde individuos de varios continentes han contribuido al entendimiento de las cuevas submarinas incluyendo la invención y desarrollo de equipo de buceo utilizado hoy por los buzos recreativos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1878<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Nello Ottonelli exploró por primera vez el Fontaine de Vacluse utilizando un traje de buzo de alta temperatura.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 48pt; text-indent: -30pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 48.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="ES-MX"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1935<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">    </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">Dos buzos de alta temperatura exploraron el pozo Wookey Hole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Inglaterra.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 48pt; text-indent: -30pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 48.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="ES-MX"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1946<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">    </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">y 1955<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Jacques Cousteau exploró el Fontaine de Vacluse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1946<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Recicladores de oxigeno fue utilizado para la exploración de cueva.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Keld Head.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Inglaterra.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1950<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Inician las primeras exploraciones de buceo de cueva en Florida con la llegada de Aqualung.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1950 y principios de 1960 Son descubiertos otros manantiales en Hornsby, Madison Blue y Orange Grove.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 48pt; text-indent: -30pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 48.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="ES-MX"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1953<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">   </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">Exploración por buzos deportivos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Mount Gambier Sinkholes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Australia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1953<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los buzos Buxton y Davies hicieron un buceo récord de penetración de 800 pies / 244 metros.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Clapham Beck Head.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Inglaterra.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1953 y 1956<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El Manantial de Wakulla fue uno de los sistemas de cueva más largos descubierto y los asombrosos resultados exploratorios fueron archivados por Charles McNabb y Bill Ray.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1961<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Hasenmayer alcanzó el punto más profundo cercano a la entrada e hizo continuos avances en 1974, 1981 y 1985 a más de 4.920 pies / 1.500 metros de penetración.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Blautopf.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Alemania.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1965<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Un equipo de la CSSL alcanzó 721 pies / 220 metros de penetración en Chaudanne Spring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1967<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Descubierto en exploración de cueva por el pionero George Benjamin, con Tom Mount y Dick Williams en 1970 con alcances a 984 pies / 300 metros de penetración y 240 / 80 metros de profundidad.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Benjamin Blue Hole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Bahamas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1967<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Se forma la agencia de entrenamiento de buceo en cueva NACD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1970´s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Entra a escena el DPV y son posibles las penetraciones más largas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="ES-MX">1970´s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El explorador de cueva americano Sheck Exley acumuló penetraciones de 2.000 pies / 600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>metros y fue el primer buzo en acumular 1.000 buceos de cueva, seguido de Tom Mount.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1970´s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Desarrollo del BCD, el inflador de poder, el octopus y la válvula multiple<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>[ manifold ] por los pioneros del buceo de cueva.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos y Bahamas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1970<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Descubierto por Benjamin; Martin Farr llegó a una penetración de 2.296 pies / 700 metros en el año de 1981 en Conch Blue Hole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Bahamas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1972<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Exploró a una distancia de penetración de 984 pies / 300 metros.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>En 1976 buceó a una distancia de 1968 pies / 600 metros de penetración conducidos por Bailey y su equipo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Cocklebiddy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Australia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1972<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Ian Lewis y un equipo llegó a una distancia de penetración de 797 pies / 243 metros a 134 pies / 41 metros de profundidad.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Weebubbie.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Australia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1972<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los tanques dobles se vuelven comunes y los buzos de cueva desarrollan el octopus y el inflador de baja presión.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1972<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Se forma la agencia de entrenamiento de buceo en cueva NSS-CDS.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;" lang="ES-MX">1972<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">Sheck Exley. Court Smith y Holtzendorf logran penetraciones de 4.100 pies / 1.250 metros en Manatee Springs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1978<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Un buceo de larga penetración es llevado a cabo por J.L. Fantoli y Claude Touloumdjan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Emergente du Ressel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 48pt; text-indent: -30pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 48.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="ES"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1978<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">      </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">Emergence du Ressel – J.l. Fantoli y Claude Touloumdjan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1979<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>“Un plano azul para la supervivencia” fue publicado por Sheck Exley fundando los Análisis de Accidentes como la base para el entrenamiento de buceo en cueva.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1979<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Un buceo con una penetración de 5.000 pies / 1524 metros fue hecho en River Sink.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1980<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Un equipo suizo entra a más de 3.000 pies / 914 metros utilizando Scooters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>Emergente du Ressel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1980<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Jochen Hasenmayer penetró el Emergente du Ressel a más de 4.000 pies / 1.219 metros con su invento Speleo Dobles Recicladores, para alcanzar en 1981 más de 12.464 pies / 3.800 metros de penetración.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1980´s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Llegan los primeros buzos de cueva de los Estados Unidos a la Península de Yucatán y al Centro de México donde el resurgimiento de los ríos como el Río Mante y los Cenotes como el Carwash, el Naharon y el Maya Azul fueron explorados.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Los 80´s terminaron con el descubrimiento de los sistemas de cueva de Dos Ojos y Nohoch Nachich que llevan el liderato en una larga competencia de quien tiene las cuevas más largas, terminando como la segunda y tercera cuevas submarinas más grandes en el mundo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>México.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1981<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Jochen Hasenmayer descendió a 469 pies / 142 metros con la ayuda de un reciclador.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>En 1981 Hasenmayer penetró el Emergente du Ressel a 12.400 pies / 378 metros a una profundidad entre 180 pies / 55 metros y 240 pies / 73 metros utilizando sus recicladores y scooters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1981<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Buceos de penetración de 7.660 pies / 2.355 metros fueron conducidos por Sheck Exley en Friedman Sink.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1981<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Un equipo suizo alcanzó 5.770 pies / 1.759 metros de distancia de penetración a 180 pies / 55 metros en La Doux de Coly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1982<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Palmer, Parker Walter y Boycott llegaron a 3.781 pies / 1.153 metros de penetración.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Conch Blue Hole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Bahamas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1982<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Buceos de mezclas de gas y recicladores por Olivier Isler en Chaudanne Spring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1984<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Formación de la agencia de entrenamiento de buceo técnico y de cueva IANTD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1984<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Source de la Loue – Jochen Hasenmayer desarrolló los recicladores y penetró más de 2.000 pies / 609 metros.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1984<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Olivier Isler alcanzó 10.168 pies / 3.100 metros de penetración.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>La Doux de Coly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1984<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Un ROV (Vehículo a Control Remoto) alcanzó 1.000 pies / 304 metros de fondo en Fountain de Vacluse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1987<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El proyecto Wakulla conducido por Bill Stone con penetraciones máximas de 4.176 pies / 1.273 metros a 280 pies / 85 metros de profundidad con más de 400 buceos exitosos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1988<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Una penetración de 1994 pies / 608 metros a 469 pies / 143 metros de profundidad fue alcanzada.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Chaudanne Spring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Francia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1990<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Sheck Exley intenta un buceo de penetración de 10.900 pies / 3.323 metros en Catedral Canyon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1994<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Formación de la agencia de entrenamiento de buceo técnico y de cueva TDI.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1994<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Exploración de la cueva profunda de Zacatón a más de 900 pies / 274 metros.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>México.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1996<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Formación de la agencia de entrenamiento de buceo técnico y cueva GUE.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1996<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Exploración de Wakulla Spring a más de 18.000 pies / 5.487 metros de distancia a alrededor de 280 pies / 84 metros.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1997<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Exploración del Centro de Yucatán por Andreas W. Matthes con el descubrimiento del Sinkhole (sumidero) Sabak Ha en la Península con más de 500 pies / 152 metros.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>México.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">1998<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El proyecto Wakulla II utilizando recicladores CCR y un mapeador digital produce el primer mapa digital en tercera dimensión.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Estados Unidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">2002<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>El equipo de exploración de Dan Lins, Steve Bogaerts en la cueva Dos Ojos alcanza una profundidad en el Pit de 390 pies / 118 metros.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>México.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">2003<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>En la cueva Moraig, Waldbrenner y Buchali alcanzan más de 18.000 pies / 5.487 metros de penetración.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>España.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;" lang="ES">2004<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Ox Bel Ha permanece como la cueva submarina más larga del mundo con más de 400.000 pies / 12.951 metros de pasajes de cueva explorados.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>México.</span></p>
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		<title>An overview about overhead diving hazards</title>
		<link>http://www.protecblog.com/518/an-overview-about-overhead-diving-hazards.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.protecblog.com/518/an-overview-about-overhead-diving-hazards.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Dec 2009 14:06:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Matt</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Backmount]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Bailout]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cave Course]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Configuration]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Skills]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Team Diving]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Training]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cave Diving]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.protecblog.com/?p=518</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A overview about the hazards of overhead environment diving such as ice diving, wreck diving and cave diving.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">When diving into caves, wrecks or under ice divers are introduced to a number of hazards not associated with open water diving. Some of these are easily managed. Others may be life threatening. General hazards include total darkness, loss of visibility, increased potential for confusion, unexpected currents, cave ins, restrictions, depths, unknown distances, mazes, turbidity / silting, current, sharp surfaces and projections, collapse, debris slides, restrictions minor and major, depth, distance, time.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Darkness</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Absolutely no light penetrates most cave systems and one of the first things to realize is that the darkness is<strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </strong>total. Not the slightest bit of light penetrates the solid rock ceiling, there are no stars and there is no moon. In caves the prospect of being lost in the dark can have chilling effects. When lost or when loosing ones light stress levels typically climb. Don’t let panic skyrocket. Cave diving requires disciplined self control to function correctly. This discipline must be learned and practiced.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Being Lost</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Several common factors, or combinations of factors, contribute to the possibility of a cave diver becoming lost. Becoming lost is a threat on any cave dive. Caves frequently present divers with a number of mazes, dead ends and multiple levels of formation. Accidentally wandering into an unintended passageway can result in dive partners becoming lost. In fact, one of the leading causes of cave fatalities is the failure to follow a continuous guide line and set jump lines that lead all the way back to the surface. Guide lines are the diver’s path back to the entrance, they are a cave divers life line. Guide lines offer life insurance by providing cave divers with a marked path to the surface. It is imperative to keep an eye on these lines at all times. When visibility is good you should swim close to the line at all times so the line can be easily located. It is important not to stray too close to the line neither since the possibility of becoming entangled in it increases. Entanglements can become killers because they can result in broken or loosened lines. When limited visibility conditions occur, one must stay closer to the line. The best technique to stay in touch with the line once visibility has deteriorated is to swim with your thumb and forefinger forming a ring and looped over the line.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Visibility</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">In explored caves it is common to find permanent lines with arrows pointing toward the nearest route to the surface. Turbidity is caused by stirring up debris on the cave floor due to poor swimming techniques or due to percolation when exhaust bubbles hit the ceiling. It can reduce visibility to zero within seconds. From both a dive safety standpoint and an environmental point of view with cave conservation in mind, it is important for you not to stir up the bottom of a cave. Tannic acid is the color of soil and can be washed into the water by rivers or rain. It has the color of tea or coffee with the same visibility characteristics. A Halocline is the interface of fresh and salt water and when mixed produces zero visibility.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Water Flow</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Current in caves can range from none to mild and even to severe. New cave divers are often intimidated by these currents. They tend to overwork and become tired quickly. By carefully employing proven techniques, the work may be reduced to a less demanding level. The best way to beat the current comes with learning to read the cave. Areas where the surface is smooth have been polished by the flowing water. So, you should look for jagged and pitted surfaces. They exist where the current is weakest. Current can also be out flowing or in flowing. Sometimes caves divers may encounter passageways featuring flows differing in direction from the passage currently being explored.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Cave or Wreck Collapse</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Cave-ins ( collapses ) are rarely encountered in cave diving. Water pressure acts as a support and stabilizes submerged tunnels. It is only when water levels drop that the possibility of collapse exists. Occasionally, in some caves a small portion of the cave structure will fall in.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Debris </span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">During floods, debris builds up in the down slopes of cave openings and in the runs. When the water table drops, additional debris is blown out of various passageways and is deposited on the cave floor. As these strictures extend toward the surface, more debris builds up in the run. At some point, the volume of these deposits reaches a point where gravity causes it to slide back into the cave. The result, in both cases, is an instantaneous loss of visibility. In fact, on one of these occasions visibility can be so obscured that it would proof impossible to get out if divers hadn’t had the mandatory foresight to install guide lines beginning at the cave opening. In some situations, it is possible that the cave opening actually becomes blocked. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Restrictions</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Restrictions are choke points where access is reduced. They can be either minor or major. A minor restriction is a slight narrowing which, although restricted, still allows two divers to pass through it not side by side or on top of each other but in a single file following one another. A major restriction, on the other hand, only allows one diver to pass if the equipment is to be taken off and pushed through the restriction. As a rule of thumb the equipment is never taken off due to potential problems with buoyancy, damage, entanglement and cave conservation. If the need arises to pass through a mayor restriction gear configuration such as sidemount or no-mount have to be implemented. Obviously, the risk associated with a major restriction involves becoming stuck. When entering restricted areas be careful to evaluate the best passage route while also concentrating on relaxed breathing. If stuck, exhale some air and slowly maneuver your body and simply dislodge your self. Do not try to “ power through ” restrictions. You may become severely wedged. We can’t stress it hard enough. Take it very easy when swimming in tight spots. It is very easy to tear a BC bladder or damage your gear. Again, learn to read the cave and avoid abrasive and protruding surfaces.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Depth</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Depth in caves can be very deceptive because you have a roof over your head and a floor under your feet. Don’t forget to monitor depth regularly. Depth increases gas consumption, the risk of nitrogen narcosis arises, can cause oxygen toxicity and produces a greater decompression obligation. This is why many cave divers use Normoxic or Hypoxic Trimix mixtures for deep cave exploration.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Distance</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">When a problem arises we realize it’s a long way back. Distance, in this instance, may produce additional time-pressure stress. In worst case scenarios, your gas supply may be compromised if one team member experiences gas failure. Training and awareness, combined with careful planning, will enable you to deal with the hazard of distance. The ceiling over your head prevents direct access to the surface. This is why highly reliable equipment combined with redundancy is used for cave diving.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Changes in respiratory patterns, such as response to mental and physical stress will also increase gas consumption. When divers slow their pace, gas consumption is reduced. Never forget that your exit speed must match your entrance pace. You must cover the same amount of ground in the same time “coming out” as “going in” to insure you won’t run out of gas.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Air and Team Management</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Since dive teams are obviously composed of individuals, a “ team gas management ” rule must be established. This rule incorporates all the factors involving individual considerations with another dimension. This dimension is created by people working together. When diving alone, dive techniques and gas management are different as if diving as a team member of a dive team. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">The size of the dive team will dictate effective gas management. Obviously a two person dive team is the most efficient from a dive performance standpoint. It needs less communication and requires less choreography. Both divers know where their partner is. Swim pace is easier to regulate. A small team reduces the level of environmental management needed. For example, silting is just one of many factors that’s easier to anticipate and prevent.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">However, there are strong arguments to support the advantages of a three person dive team. The group gas supply can go much further when shared between three people. Two people are usually better able to rescue an individual in trouble. Irregardless, the gas plan to be used must be developed from a swimming based surface rate ( vs. a resting rate ). It must be fine tuned by adjusting anticipated gas consumption against the environmental factors you expect to encounter. Experience has taught us this method is almost always totally accurate for planning dives involving a lot of swimming. To do this right, all dive team members must know their individual RMV’s.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Even with proper gas matching, it is still imperative that all dives remain within normal parameters for these rules to work. When conducting cave diving on your own, or with new team members, it is advisable to add a couple of hundred psig / dozen bars to any turn around point and turn around earlier. This practice should be continued until divers have sufficient experience to develop the discipline to function normally under stress.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Running out of Air</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt 396.0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">By taking corrective actions with gas supply problems, for example, before things escalate, divers can begin sharing gas before the diver with the problem actually runs out completely. This is good stress management. It allows the distressed diver to use his or her own gas whenever a restricted or hazardous point in the dive is reached and share air in the long, unobstructed passages. Once any member of the dive team is using a back up regulator, the dive should be terminated. All divers should begin their pre-planned exits.</span></span></p>
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